Thorndike and Skinner

Edward Thorndike:

1. Explain Thorndike's puzzle-box experiment.Put cat in a puzzle box – observe the cat’s behavior toward escaping to get the food.
2. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Effect".

Law of Effect:  Actions bring a consequence and that determines future behavior3. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Exercise".For the law of Exercise he stated that if a behavior is used it will continue and it will be reinforced, but if it is not used, their improvement or reinforcement will disappear.
B.F. Skinner:

1. Explain Skinner's concept of Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning:  reinforcement and punishment change our behavioral tendencies

2. What does reinforcement always do?Reinforcement: behavior increase

3. What does a punishment always do?Punishment: behavior to decrease

4. Explain the difference between "positive" and "negative" as they are used in operant conditioning.

Pos (+): something is given

Neg (-): Something is taken away

Watson

John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.

Well this experiment was very unethical, such as steps were he was presented or interacting with many things such as rats monkeys, masks, hair, dogs, and with this animals and fearful creatures little albert was not acting with fear he did not like them but did not hate them, then they started doing loud noise so when he interacted with this animals he scared crying so his fear started to increase. (the experiment was never fully acomplished because little albert took off).
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study

Conditioned Stimilus (CS) which is the rat, Unconditioned Stimilus (US) which is the noise and the Conditioned Repsonse (CR) crying or fear
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.

1This experiment could never be tested again

2He only used one baby and it was also unethical
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.

He said in his law the frequent a response and stimilus act or ocure and associate each other, this will becomes as a custome or habit.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.

This is the respones that ocuures after a particular stimulus            
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson

That learning involves a change in behavior The behaivior is the act or result of how we act in life.

Pavlon

Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?

Pavlov was studying the digesting system of animals such as dogs mean while he discovered the theory of clasical conditioning.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.

Ivan experiment in the clasical conditioning was that he first did a suergery to a dog to his salivas prodecers, When they presented to him the bell nothing happen but when they presented the food then salivation started, after doing such experiment he combinde the bell with food so while the bell rang salivation started to the dog because it was a sign that food was coming. 3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.

(CS), the bell, (US), food, (CR), salivation.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.

In the case of clasical condition it ocurse when the conditioned responde vanish or disapere.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.

Well we can say that this is when a stimilus has a similar conditioned stimilus then the react is the conditional response.
6. Explain what sstimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.

It means to learn to responde to a stimilus and not responding to another stimilus
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.

1 is that he adapted a tube to the dogs glands (we are not doctors)

2 this experiment is to difficult to do (we are not professionals)
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.

He theorized that the ability for us to learn is called clasical conditioning, also he said that we learn by reapiting thing, the way you get better at it is by repeating things.

Starting High School One Hour Later May Reduce Teen Traffic Accidents

This study was made by Science and its studiers of limits and how to improve society when is talking about sleep for the teen traffic accidents. They made a study that by having a late start to school Teens were more awake and alert and for their instints they coukd work imedietly without suffering a traffic accident some of the result this experiment or study acomplish or put an end to a doubt was:  "As a result, adolescents get an inadequate amount of sleep due to early school start times, which increases their daytime sleepiness and may in turn increase their odds of crashing their vehicles while driving." I for my personal response and opinion think that a late start would be better because from all statistic percentage and from their rates of what can could happen leads that teens that are drivers but obtain the 9 hours sleep will have a less  probability of crashing.

Why Does Lack of Sleep Affect Us Differently

In October 26, 2010, print issue of Neurology® an information publish to clarify why the lack of sleep addect us, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology were the main persons involved in this study.

The study was supported by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and the National Center for Research Resources. This study was made in an laboraty to see how people with the gene of variant acted when they had a deprevation of sleep and how those who did not had the gene acted, also when they were in no deprevation of sleep people with variant sleped less in stage3 and people with no gene spend a longer period of time in stage 3. A result those with the variant spent an average of 29 minutes in stage three sleep, compared to 35 minutes for those without the variant. I believe this study was esential and was good because this way scientist can observe and how to help those people with the gene.

High School Students With A Delayed School Start Time Sleep Longer, Report Less Daytime Sleepiness

 Zaw W. Htwe, MD who worked at a hospital of sleep disorder he wanted teenager or student to have a longer bedtime sleep. The people in charge of this study is the Associated Professional Sleep Societies (APSS). This study or experiment was made in order to see how student improve in school time by increasing the amount of bedtime 40 minutes this camed to a conclusion that a student needs at least 8 to 9 hours of bedtime. This study maked the students have a great majority of time in bed instead of keeping awake longer by doing work. One very important results was that the, "Following a 40-minute delay in start time, the students utilized 83 percent of the extra time for sleep. This increase in sleep time came as a result of being able to 'sleep in' to 6:53 a.m., with little delay in their reported school night bedtime. I bealive this was a good article or study because it directly clear our minds how student will imporve their knowledge at school by having a great amount of time a sleep as said 9 hours of sleep.  

Am I a Teenager?

During these days of seeing a video in psychology class, called "Inside the teenage brain", in this video I learned something really important beside the function of growing children I learned how psychologists and doctor looks into teenage brains that can relate and explain to us what damage they have had during their life. I learned that when you’re growing you are getting puberty and you are getting into stressing and knew discoveries you did not know about. In the video we could see how teenagers do not even care of how they treat their own parents and by lying to them. This came to a lot of information into the video that usually kids unstressed they actions with their parents maybe because they did not have the normal period of sleep that is about 1 to 8 hours a day. I like the experiment that they made of testing from data to observe how would a student will function the next day if they get right amount of sleep; and as said it become a true statement because a kid that had a great amount of sleep did well in a test but in the other hand the other teen that did not get the great amount of sleep did crappy. It also gave us a clear understanding in what our brain can be damage such as watching TV, video games and among others. Leading to take care of our brain and do right for what is best for our body in an early age.   

How our brain Works

1. What does the word "hemisphere" refer to when talking about the brain?
Is one of the two regions of the eutherian brain that are delineated by the median plane. The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is supported by an inner layer of white matter.
2. What are the major differences between the left and right sides of the brain?
The left side of the brain is the seat of language and processes in a logical and sequential order. The right side is more visual and processes intuitively, holistically, and randomly
3. What is the corpus collasum?
Also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication
4. Explain the study performed by Paul Broca in which he discovered "Broca's Area."
The process of identifying the parts of the brain that are involved in language began in 1861, when Paul Broca, a French neurosurgeon, examined the brain of a recently deceased patient who had had an unusual disorder. Though he had been able to understand spoken language and did not have any motor impairments of the mouth or tongue that might have affected his ability to speak, he could neither speak a complete sentence nor express his thoughts in writing. The only articulate sound he could make was the syllable “tan”, which had come to be used as his name.
5. Explain the study conducted by Roger Sperry in regard to "split brain."
Roger Wolcott Sperry was a neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who, together with David Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work with split-brain research..Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. The surgical operation to produce this condition is called corpus callosotomy and is usually used as a last resort to treat intractable epilepsy.
6. Explain the study conducted by Karl Wernicke which led to the discovery of Wernicke's Area."
Wernicke's area is the region of the brain where spoken language is understood. Neurologist Carl Wernicke is credited with discovering the function of this brain region.
7. Which lobe is most responsible for vision?
The occipital lobe
8. Which lobe is most responsible for hearing and language?
The Tempoal Lobe
9. Which lobe is most responsible for performing math calculations?
Frontal Lobe
10. Which lobe is most responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control?
Frontal Lobe

Phines Gage

As history and reality there was a man called Phineas Gage who was born on 1823 and died on 1860. He was an American railroad construction foreman who is known and remembered for his incredible survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior, effects so profound that friends saw him as if Phineas was not there anymore and they thought they lost him. The resulting explosion propelled the fourteen pound iron rod straight into the air with the force of cannon, causing it to pass through Gage’s skull in the process. It entered through the bottom of his left cheekbone and exited through the top of his head, then continued to fly in an arc across the sky, landing almost 100 feet behind him. It was determined that damage occurred to Gage’s skull in three places: There is a relatively small area under the cheek bone where the tamping iron first impacted, the orbital bone behind the eye socket, and very large hole where the iron rod emerged.  We learned that there still exist contradictory as Mr. Dougherty told us that there is not a right and complete conclusion about where the damage exactly happen in his brain. It is certain that it passed through the frontal cortex and white matter, but it has not been determined with certainty whether the lesion involved both frontal lobes or was limited only to the left side. In any case, the damage caused by the accident was roughly equivalent to a frontal lobotomy. Today, Gage’s skull and the tamping rod which damaged it are on permanent display at Harvard’s Count Way Library of Medicine. Before Gage’s brain injury, the frontal lobes were largely thought to have little role in behavior.

 

Lateralization: the tendency for certain processes to be more highly developed on one side of the brain than the other, such as development of spatial and musical thoughts in the right hemisphere and verbal and logical processes in the left hemisphere in most persons.

Localization - (physiology) the principle that specific functions have relatively circumscribed locations in some particular part or organ of the body

 

Narture + Nurture in Intelligence

As we all know nature is the biological term in which a person is born with, and nurture is from what men learns from their environment and what surrounds them. When it comes to the debate from which men adapts its intelligence. I as a student and analyzer believe that intelligence comes from a bigger percentage of nature because your brain is all ready adapted to it but their can always be changes, when a baby is born his brain is like a sponge, and we can have the ability (from nature) to learn faster and receive things clearly to our brains. In the other hand I believe there is a small amount of percentage in which intelligence comes from our environment. We might get a part of intelligence in our brain from nurture but not as nature because in nurture they might be techniques to learn things that can be taught. But not as same from what your brain ability comes from (nature).

We know how intelligence has a great deal when it comes to nature vs nurture; In fact psychologists has stated and declared that both (genetics and environment) contribute to the level of intelligence that men have. As an example there were two brothers that were raised by the same family and when grown up one decides to be a doctor and the other decided to be a car sales man in which psychologist and scientists state that this type of example come from nature ( being genetic). In this debates were many contradictories in terms of intelligence but as well another psychologist declared that nurture is the biggest effect in intelligence because when child we live in a environment in which we use to adapt and keep our internal learning’s and abilities. Current research tells us that when a person is raised up in a stimulus rich environment that person will have a higher level of intelligence than people that are not raised in such environment. Mental simulation at an early age is fully needed for develop intelligence. Psychologists have discovered that watching TV bring your intelligence level low and can damage your brain from not learnable things and your intelligence be affected. So mathematically saying the debate of nature vs nurture is false because they both are needed equally to develop intelligence. Ex. Nature + Nurture= Intelligence.

In Conclusion, I learned that when it comes to intelligence it actually depends on both nature and nurture give them the equal percentage of usage for intelligence such as 50/50. I learned were exactly intelligence come from and how we interact among others and what things can damage our intelligence and the difference their can be in intelligence from the environment you come from. So in reality it is likely that both nature and nurture are important in developing intelligence. Nature (our genetics) that determine how intelligent we become (our potential intelligence), and nurture, (our environment) will earthier allow us to reach our potential or inhibit it. There cannot be intelligence without nature neither without nurture. One depends on another.




http://www.aboutintelligence.co.uk/images/15991.jpg
http://wilderdom.com/personality/L4-1IntelligenceNatureVsNurture.html
http://www.eruptingmind.com/nature-nurture-intelligence/

Narture vs Nurture

Nature versus nurture is a term coined by the English Victorian polymath Francis Galton regarding the influence of heredity and environment on social careers. Galton was influenced by the book The Origin of Species written by his cousin, Charles Darwin. The concept embodied in the phrase has been criticized for its binary simplification of two tightly interwoven parameters, as for example an environment of wealth, education and social privilege are often historically passed to genetic offspring. The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities versus personal experiences determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.

Francis Galton. He was a pioneer in eugenics, coining the very term itself and the phrase "nature versus nurture". His book, Hereditary Genius (1869), was the first social scientific attempt to study genius and greatness. As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics (the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology. He devised a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science.

Some topics for when it comes for Nature vs Nurture dabates are:
Athletic Ability, Intelligence, Criminal Behavior, Personality, Homosexuality, Creativity

In general percentage they say human get their abilities or asspects from nurture (enviorment) meaning that they learn from the people around them.

In my opinion i believe that yes there is a great persentage in enviorment but in nature or biological is from what we are and what we are designated to be. I believe is a 50%, 50% and all depends in your DNA test.

Charles Darwin and His Natural Theory

Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on Feb. 12, 1809, Darwin was the fifth child of a wealthy and sophisticated English family. His maternal grandfather was the successful china and pottery entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood; his paternal grandfather was the well-known 18th-century physician and savant Erasmus Darwin. After graduating from the elite school at Shrewsbury in 1825, young Darwin went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. In 1827 he dropped out of medical school and entered the University of Cambridge, in preparation for becoming a clergyman of the Church of England. There he met two stellar figures: Adam Sedgwick, a geologist, and John Stevens Henslow (1795-1861), a naturalist. Henslow not only helped build Darwin's self-confidence but also taught his student to be a meticulous and painstaking observer of natural phenomena and collector of specimens.



Voyage
Darwin's job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. In his geological observations, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earth's surface.

Aboard the Beagle, Darwin found himself fitting many of his observations into Lyell's general uniformitarian view. Beyond that, however, he realized that some of his own observations of fossils and living plants and animals cast doubt on the Lyell-supported view that species were specially created. He noted, for example, that certain fossils of supposedly extinct species closely resembled living species in the same geographical area. In the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, he also observed that each island supported its own form of tortoise, mockingbird, and finch; the various forms were closely related but differed in structure and eating habits from island to island. Both observations raised the question, for Darwin, of possible links between distinct but similar species.

Natural Selection Theory

Natural selection is a natural law by which genetically heritable traits become more or less common in a population over successive generations. This selection in interaction with the production of variation, the possible genetic fixation process and possibly, in several cases, with little epigenetic process determine the evolution of the species.

Evolution Theory

Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification".

He went to a state of anguish and frightness because he was scared people would not like him because they will put them in a stage of confusness of weather God exists or not. And also his wife was really religious and he did not wanted to ruin his marrigge and the last stage of anguish he goes through a very hard moment when is when his favorite daughter dies.

What is Psycology?

Psychology is the scientific study of human or other animal mental functions and behaviors. It is also a broad discipline in which seeks to analyze the human mind. It shows the study of why people think and feel like they do. There are many branches involved in psychology such as, (Cognitive, Clinical, Developmental Psychology, etc... It is important to study psychology because it can help us understand why people behave and acts like they do; helping us for business, school, university, etc..